In contrast, quantum many-body systems pose entirely new challenges due to the enormous number of microscopic parameters and their small length- and short time-scales. In quantum optical systems, such as ion traps or neutral atoms in cavities, single particles and their correlations can now be probed in a way that is fundamentally limited only by the laws of quantum mechanics.Probing Correlated Quantum Many-Body Systems at the Single-Particle Level This thesis describes a new approach to probing quantum many-body systems at the level of individual particles: Using high-resolution, single-particle-resolved imaging and manipulation of strongly correlated atoms, single atoms can be detected and manipulated due to the large length and time-scales and the precise control of internal degrees of freedom.

The thesis features a sophisticated theoretical approach to these data sets, including modifications to a well-established Raman-phonon scattering theory that may explain the larger scatter in and discrepancies with previous work.

In the thesis, the development of new techniques to search for these asymmetries is described. For example, it fails to explain why we do not see equal, or almost equal, numbers of particles and their antiparticle partners.

Vibrational Properties of Defective Oxides and 2D Nanolattices 2D materials – like graphene and MoS_2 – are also envisioned to replace Si in the future.

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Habitation in space will require extensive technological interfaces between humans and their alien surroundings and how they are deployed will critically inform the processes of adaptation.Approaching this question from an interdisciplinary approach, this dissertation explores how the impact of interior space architecture can meet both the physical and psychological needs of future space colonists and set the stage for humankind to thrive and grow while setting down new roots beyond Earth.. As humans begin to spend longer durations in space—eventually establishing permanent outposts on other planets—the scope of technological design considerations must expand beyond the meager requirements for survival to include issues not only of comfort and well‐being, but also of engagement and negotiation with the new planetary environment that will be crucial to our longevity beyond Earth.

Cylindrical Liner Z-pinches as Drivers for Converging Strong Shock Experiments The research is directed towards some of the most interesting topics in high energy density physics (HEDP) today, namely the interaction of HED material with radiation and magnetic fields, with broad applications to inertial confinement fusion (ICF) and laboratory plasma astrophysics.

In particular, the roundness of the cube corners, when combined with the self-organization pathway, convective assembly or sedimentation, was shown to influence the final crystal symmetries.Colloidal Crystals of Spheres and Cubes in Real and Reciprocal Space The study also reveals the subtle structural variations that arise by changing the particle shape from spherical to that of a rounded cube. One of the most remarkable phenomena exhibited by concentrated suspensions of colloidal particles is the spontaneous self-organization into structures with long-range spatial and/or orientational orders. It demonstrates how state-of-the-art X-ray diffraction techniques can be used to produce detailed characterizations of colloidal crystal structures prepared using different self-assembly techniques, and how smart systems can be used to investigate defect formation and diffusion in-situ.

The work reported in this thesis won the author the IOP Nuclear Physics Group Early Career Prize.This method was successfully used in 202Fr to identify ground and isomeric states. It reports the successful construction of a novel decay spectroscopy apparatus that can operate at pressures below 1 x 10^-9 mbar.

Macroscopic Matter Wave Interferometry This thesis provides the theoretical background to recent advances in molecule and nanoparticle interferometry. In addition, it contains a physical and objective method to assess the degree of macroscopicity of such experiments, ranking them among other macroscopic quantum superposition phenomena.

This study demonstrates in detail the effects of different well and reservoir static and dynamic parameters that influence damage mechanisms and well productivity in tight gas reservoirs.

To achieve this, the author combines the linear response formulation of time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) with linear-scaling techniques known from ground-state density-functional theory.This extends the range of TDDFT, which on its own cannot tackle many of the large and interesting systems in materials science and computational biology. Computing the Optical Properties of Large Systems.

This thesis reports results of precision mass spectrometry of exotic nuclides as a means of elucidating their structure.The author furthermore offers an overview of existing techniques used in Penning-trap mass spectrometry and also reports on recent promising developments regarding ISOLTRAP.

Full control over the atomic state — its position, its motion, and its electronic state — is achieved with laser beams applied along the resonator and from the side.

Holographic Sensors. This thesis presents a theoretical and experimental approach for the rapid fabrication, optimization and testing of holographic sensors for the quantification of pH, organic solvents, metal cations, and glucose in solutions. The sensing platform and smartphone application may have implications for the development of low-cost, reusable and equipment-free point-of-care diagnostic devices.

This work addresses dynamical aspects of quantum criticality in two space dimensions. Dynamics Near Quantum Criticality in Two Space Dimensions It probes two energy scales: the amplitude (Higgs) mode, which describes fluctuations of the order parameter amplitude in the broken symmetry phase and the dual vortex superfluid stiffness.The hallmark of quantum criticality is the emergence of softening energy scales near the phase transition. In addition, the author employs the charge-vortex duality to show that the capacitance of the Mott insulator near the superfluid to insulator phase transition serves as a probe for the dual vortex superfluid stiffness.

The Intrinsic Bispectrum of the Cosmic Microwave Background Nominated as an outstanding thesis by Professor Robert Crittenden of the Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation in Portsmouth, and winner of the Michael Penston Prize for 2014 given by the Royal Astronomical Society for the best doctoral thesis in Astronomy or Astrophysics, this work aims to shed light on one of the most important probes of the early Universe: the bispectrum of the cosmic microwave background. However, this invaluable information is potentially screened, as not all of the observed non-Gaussianity is of primordial origin. Next, he moves on to answer the crucial question: is the intrinsic bispectrum going to screen the primordial signal in the CMB? In doing so, he introduces SONG, a new and efficient code for solving the second-order Einstein and Boltzmann equations. Using SONG, he computes the intrinsic bispectrum and shows how its contamination leads to a small bias in the estimates of primordial non-Gaussianity, a great news for the prospect of using CMB data to probe primordial non-Gaussianity.

Using the new SPR-XAS setup developed in this work, the author has studied in-situ and real-time effects of X-ray irradiation in materials such as glasses and Co-phthalocyanines.. It also casts new light on the combined use of surface plasmon resonance and X-rays. SPR spectroscopy is employed to study Au-based plasmonic nanostructures fabricated by novel methods, and a new experimental device is developed combining SPR with X-ray absorption spectroscopy at a synchrotron beamline.

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Initially, an established 'phase portrait' method, useful for visualising and calculating phase equilibria of polymer-blend films, is generalised to systems without convenient simplifying symmetries. A key feature underlying the theoretical models is the unification of one-dimensional thermodynamic phase equilibria with film evolution phenomena in two- and three dimensions..

The thesis starts with a formidable introduction to Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions.. Thomas M.

Iron catalysts in organic synthesis are strongly in demand because iron is non-toxic, inexpensive and the most abundant transition metal in the earth, although their use is still limited compared with that of rare, precious metals such as palladium, ruthenium and rhodium. This thesis describes the first practical example of iron catalysis in the carbon–hydrogen bond activation reaction to synthesized fused aromatic ring compounds. Iron-Catalyzed Synthesis of Fused Aromatic Compounds via C–H Bond Activation.By using a unique combination of iron catalyst and dichloride oxidant, various kind of naphthalene and phenanthrene derivatives were synthesized via annulation reaction with alkynes including direct C–H bond activation process.

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These methods are, therefore, of particular interest for experimental setups or technological applications.

 The present work uses numerically exact solutions of the time-dependent many-boson Schrödinger equation to explore the rich physics of the tunneling to open space process in ultracold bosonic particles that are initially prepared as a Bose-Einstein condensate and subsequently allowed to tunnel through a barrier to open space. These momenta correspond to the chemical potentials of systems with decreasing particle number.This thesis addresses the intriguing topic of the quantum tunnelling of many-body systems such as Bose-Einstein condensates.

This thesis analyses how supersymmetric (SUSY) extensions of the Standard Model (SM) of particle physics can be constrained using information from Higgs physics, electroweak precision observables and direct searches for new particles. Direct searches for SUSY particles at the LHC have not resulted in any signal so far, and limits on the SUSY parameter space have been set. Measurements of the properties of the observed Higgs boson at 125 GeV as well as of the W boson mass can provide valuable indirect constraints, supplementing the ones from direct searches.

The functions of systems such as dual emission and redox potential switching based on photo-driven rotation will be of particular interest to readers. Photofunctionalization of Molecular Switch Based on Pyrimidine Ring Rotation in Copper Complexes The finding elucidated here holds promise for handling the photoprocesses of metal complexes, valid for both applications and novel properties.

This thesis describes a proof-of-principle experiment demonstrating a technique for stable isotope enrichment called Magnetically Activated and Guided Isotope Separation (MAGIS). Magnetically Activated and Guided Isotope Separation The MAGIS technique combines optical pumping with a scalable magnetic field gradient to enrich atoms of a specific isotope in an atomic beam.

This work tackles the problems of understanding how energy is transmitted and distributed in power-grids as well as in determining how robust this transmission and distribution is when modifications to the grid or power occur.These relationships are extremely relevant for the design of resilient power-grid models.

The final state is considered the golden channel in the searches for large extra dimensions (LED) but also allows access to a very rich SUSY-related phenomenology pertaining to the production of weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPS), SUSY Dark Matter candidates, GMSB SUSY models with very light gravitino masses, as well as stop an sbottom pair production in compressed scenarios (with nearly degenerated squarks and the lightest neutralino), and also invisible Higgs searches, among others.