His special capacities are, first, the recognition of promising new concepts and of promising young scholars, and, second, getting his colleagues to join him in developing the ideas and involving them fully in the necessary tasks. They make us marvel alike at their variety, their quantity, and their quality. There was an unusual combination of strength and humility in his methods; a display of force in pushing the work along but a willingness, almost an insistence, on treating even the most junior associate as a fully equal colleague in intellectual develop­ ment, whose criticism of himself was to be encouraged. His leadership has been exercised in the absence of formal positions.

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On translating my thesis I took up some suggestions made by ProfessorWerner Böge from the Faculty of Mathematics at the Uni­ versity of Heidelberg. The first chapter should be considered as a short introduction to pref­ erence orderings and to the notion of a utility theory proposed by Dana Scott and Patrick Suppes.. This is done in deference to those readers who do not wish to be troubled by formal languages and model theory.

D. Fisher's statistical inference philosophy, on the one hand, and R.

It is assumed that each player is 'individually rational', in the sense that his preference ordering of the outcomes is determined by the order of magnitudes of his (and only his) associated payoffs. Game Theory as a Theory of Conflict Resolution The rational player utilizes knowledge of the other players' payoffs in guiding his choice of strategy, because it gives him information about how the other players' choices are guided..Game theory could be formally defined as a theory of rational decision in conflict situations.

Developments in the Methodology of Social Science The history of philosophy shows clearly that the answer to the question, 'How does science function?' was the conditio sine qua non of any kind of philosophy of science, epistemology and even of logic.

When John Harsanyi came to Stanford University as a candidate for the Ph. An indication of the range of Harsanyi's interest in game the­ ory can be found in the first paper of Part B -though in fact his owncontri­ butions are much broader-and in the second paper the applications to the methodology of social science. However, I am very glad I did not discourage him; whether he learned any­ thing worthwhile I don't know, but we all learned much from him on the foundations of the theory of games and specifically on the outcome of bar­ gaining.

It is our hope that the papers present a good sample with respect to the background, the formalism and practice of this area of research as far as we understand it today. In conclusion, the editors want to thank all authors who have contributed to this volume; the publishers of "Commenta­ tiones Mathematicae Universitatis Carolinae" for permission to reprint the paper "Fuzziness and Fuzzy Equality", Commentationes Mathematicae Universitatis Carolinae 23 (1982), 249-267, and D.As the subject "Vagueness" touches many aspects of human thinking, the contributions have been made from a broad spectrum ranging from philo~ophy through pure mathematics to probability theory and mathematical economics, therefore the careful reader should find some new insights here.

The second trend may be characterized as an association- or unification-tendency of a formalized and analytical ethics with decision theory.. This means simply that ethics has created beside its own formalized set­ theoretical language a variety of new formalized, logical and mathemati­ cal methods and concepts.

2. It is possible since only they, the exploiters, have a monopoly of the disposal over the m~ans of production, and the major part of society must provide them with their labour force. Property and Power The history of all hitherto existing societies is a history of class struggle - not only that between the exploited and the exploiters, but also that between the ruled and the rulers. And in modern times, there is in some societies a struggle between those who are exploited and oppressed at the same time and those who at the same time exploit and oppress.

Recently, in decision making research the strong emphasis on well­ defined laboratory tasks is decreasing in favour of more realistic studies in various practical settings. Almost inevitably there is a parallel shift of interest towards problems of utility measurement and the evaluation of consequences. The ultimate objective of scientific research on decision making is two-fold: (a) to develop a theoretically sound technology for the optimal solution of decision problems, and (b) to formulate a descriptive theory of human decision making.

The first article, by John Marshall and Roger Wales (Great Britain) concerns the pragmatic values of communication, starting by considering bird-song and passing to the infinitely more complex 'meaningful' values of human language and pictures. There is no commonly accepted terminology to cover aU aspects. These questions are then considered in relation to brain specialisation for representation of experience and cognition.

The book is intended primarily as a state-of-the art review of mainly European research on these two fastly growing problem areas.

Theory and Decision Further, some have come to know Werner through his research, his long-standing editorship of Theory and Deci­ sion and his extensive participation in international conferences and congresses.

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For instance Amartya Sen - comparing the two current notions of rationality, internal consistency and self-interest pursuit introduces the concept of reasoning and considers the irrationality which may result from the failure of a positive correspondence between reasoning and choice or from a limited capacity of reasoning. It is no more only a question of attacking or defending the neo-Bernoullian assumptions, but also of proposing wider generalizations and including new elements in the analysis of the decision process. This volume presents some of the papers delivered at FUR-84.

in a short period of time.. Design of Management Systems in U.

Social Action Accordingly each can eventually be shown by the other to need completion or revision..

Social System Accounts This book results from a research program on which I have spent most of my time since 1974. Behavior settings are empirical facts of everyday life.

At the same time this work can be used as a manual for students and post-graduate students investigating countries with centrally planned economies. Macromodels of the National Economy of the USSR A considerable proportion of the total methodological problems of the USSR economy are dealt with in the present monograph.

The Second World Conference on Mathematics at the Service of Man was held at the Universidad Politecnica de Las Palmas, Canary Islands, Spain, June 28 to July 3, 1982. The first volume of the Proceedings of the Conference, entitled "Functional Equations-Theory and Applications" has appeared in the Reidel series "Mathematics and Its Applications".

. The concepts of justice and equality were closely linked in Greek thought. As we discuss these ideas below this prin­ ciple will be stated on a separate numbered line.

It is our hope that the papers present a good sample with respect to the background, the formalism and practice of this area of research as far as we understand it today. Reidel for friendly cooperation. The contributed papers appeared in the volume of photo-offset preprints distributed at the Conference. The first volume of the Proceedings of the Conference, entitled "Functional Equations-Theory and Applications" has appeared in the Reidel series "Mathematics and Its Applications".

Aggregation in Economic Research Fortunately, there are noteworthy exceptions.Our interest in problems of aggregation originates from about seven years ago when we became involved in research in the field of applied microeconomics.

Some of the papers presented at FUR-82 have been published by Reidel in 1983 in a volume edited by Stigum and Wenst0p. This does not necessarily mean that old truths were discarded and replaced by new ones, but rather that new theories and new empirical evidence were brought forth, compelling old theories to be critically analyzed from new angels. The observation that utility and risk theory now appears to be in a state of rapid change has prompted us to choose the title PROGRESS IN UTILITY AND RISK THEORY for the book, in the belief that science always moves from poorer to more advanced paradigms or from weaker to more forceful theories.

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To our astonishment a vast majority of researchers in this area took it for granted that their, mostly thoroughly derived, micro models could meaningfully be confronted with per capita data.Our interest in problems of aggregation originates from about seven years ago when we became involved in research in the field of applied microeconomics.

The present volume contains com­ mentaries on a number of the papers presented at the conference together with broader outlines of current views on the theory. The observation that utility and risk theory now appears to be in a state of rapid change has prompted us to choose the title PROGRESS IN UTILITY AND RISK THEORY for the book, in the belief that science always moves from poorer to more advanced paradigms or from weaker to more forceful theories.

Polish Contributions to the Science of Science Philosophy of science does exist, although in a form very different from classical epis­ temology. To be sure, theory of knowledge is not to be identified with theory of science.